Qualitative methods refer to research techniques that involve collecting and analyzing non-numerical data. These methods are used in social sciences, humanities, education, psychology, and other fields where it is difficult or impossible to quantify phenomena through numerical measurements. Qualitative research aims at understanding the underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations behind people's behavior and actions by using unstructured or semi-structured interviews, observations, case studies, and other techniques that focus on obtaining rich descriptions of events or situations rather than statistical inferences.